[cpst] Security Issues in Global Communication Networks
A brief introduction about Security Issues in Global Communication Networks
There are some powerpoints for me to read for preparing a mid-term in
a few days later. In order to practice English writing and review the content
for the exam at the same time, I choose one of the powerpoint file for making a
brief introduction.
The brief history of wireless communication is as follows. Marconi, who
was called the father of wireless communication, sent out the first wireless
information and began the history of it in 1895. Shortly after that, Marconi
company was established in 1897. The first wireless message was transmitted
from Franch across English channel to England in 1899. Marconi and Braun got
Nobel prize in 1909. The first broadcasting station was established in LonDon
in 1922. Ericsson company incorporated Marconi company in 2005. The brief
history of the modern mobile communication's development is as follows. AMPS
was the first mobile communication system brought up in 1971. In 1979, NAMTS
in Japan began to run, and the era of 1G was brought up. The Postal and
Telecommunication administrations in north Europe applied to European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunication administrations for the
establishment of Group Special Mobile, GSM in 1982. In 1988, ETSI was
established for the normalization of GSM. In 1991, the first mobile phone
communication system was bring stepped into the commercial services, which was c
called 2G. In 1992, the WARC ensured the standards of IMT2000, which brought
about the era of 3G.
The comparison between the two kinds of mobile communicaton systems, 1G
and 2G, is as follows. The drawbacks of 1G system are numerous. 1G system
mainly serves for audio communication and doesn't support digital communication
services. The 1G system in different locations or companies are not compatible
with each other all over ther world, so the price of mobile phones of 1G and
the service fee is always high and hard to drop off. It's easy for everyone to
eavsdrop any two people's communication by erecting simple facilities for
receiving the messages. Thus, 1G is not very good. 2G is by far better than 1G.
In contrast with 1G, the advantages of 2G is clear. The capacity of all
cell-phone base stations are much better. Each base station which has a small
coverage area is allocated a small part of spectrum. The difference between the
allocated spectrum dodges the confliction between base stations. When raveling
all over the world, the function of the system remains the same when using the
cell phone.2G has the better capacity for keeping the secret of communications.
The test and maintainance of 2G system is easier. The current condition of GSM
is as follows. Over 1 billion GSM users worldwide. There are 500 GSM networks
in 175 countries/areas. It transmits 24+ billion SMS messages per month. It
occupies 71% of world's digital communication market. It occupies 68% of
world's wireless market.
The issues about the security of mobile communication can be classified
in three parts: Authentication, Privacy, and Subscriber identity/Location
confidentiality. Authentication means mutual authentication. Privacy means data
protection, both wireless and wireline. The third part means identity
protection, both wireless and wireline. The issues about the security of mobile
communication are numerous, such as
Active Attacks:Impersonating network elements such as false BTS is possible
Key Transmission:Cipher keys and authentication values are transmitted in clear
within and between networks
Limited Encryption Scope:
Encryption terminated too soon at edge of network to BTS.
Communications and signaling in the fixed network portion arent protected.
Encryption is not used in some networks: .
...
The authentication of the identity in GSM is as follows. Mobile phone user
transmit their own International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI) to the
internet. The internet receives its IMSI and finds the correspondent KI. The
internet randomly generates a code of 128 bits and transmits it via the
wireless medium to a base station. The base station uses the random code and
the KI to compute the correspondent value(SRES). In brief, it is a hash
function which is irreversible. The internet makes a comparison with the
commputed value and the real SRES to verify the user.
The comparison with the safity of GSM and UMTS is as fol
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