[考題] 台師大101教程甄選

看板Eng-Class (英文板)作者LeonYo (僕は美味しいです)時間11年前 (2015/04/30 01:45)推噓1(1推 0噓 1→)

留言2則, 2人參與討論串1/1

閱讀測驗: ( Google 不到只好手打了，先打題目再打文章，上色部分是擬答，非正解) ( 文章超級長，有願意幫忙看的大大小弟在此先謝恩了orz) 51. What is the passage mainly about? (A) Conflict is an integral part of community. (B) Social relations consist in imaginary feelings toward different goups. (C) Group identities are constituted as a result of some conflictual relations. (D) People tend to hate those who project negative feelings onto them. 52. What is Anderson's conceptualization of community? (A) A community is constituted through its competing interests with the other. (B) A community is constituted through the expression of its own economic, social and political determinants. (C) A community is constituted throught narratives that characterize its identity and its difference from other groups. (D) A community is constituted through the imaginary power of a group. 53. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) Each group may hold paranoid feelings toward other groups. (B) Each group will only show powerful feelings toward its own members. (C) Group conflicts cannot be easily resolved because they may involve the factor of emotions. (D) Antagonism may help bring solidarity to the construction of group identity. 54. What is the shared principle of contemporary social and political theory? (A) Each group tends to affirm itself through inner struggle. (B) Antagonism is an integral part of identity. (C) Antinomy is the foundation of group identity. (D) Differentiations form the dynamics of group identity. (這是我最感困擾的一題，明知在考第二段的一句話，卻不會選) (應該是語意理解上有問題吧，其實不太知道這個衝突到底是發生在哪裡，內部?外部?) 55. What aspects does Klein wish to address by the term paranoid-schizoid? (A) People hold ambivalent feelings toward themselves and others. (B) People have difficulty coping with the emotional antinomy in social life. (C) The hostility people tend to hold toward their social others is irreconcilable. (D) People get to affirm themselves through the repudiation of the other. (A) Each group may hold A community, whether spatially organized or defined according to other criteria such as ethnicity or sexuality, is a particular kind of social goup. It will be remembered that Benedict Anderson insists that all communities are imagined; they vary, however, according to their style of imagining, and this style is expressed in both the nature of the group's boundaries and the narratives that constitute the group imaginary. In situations of intercommunal conflict -- which, as we have seen, have economic, social, and/or political determinants -- processes of identity construction take on a particular character because of the way in which they enlist the kinds of powerful group emotions described by Georg Simmel and others. In particular, they become infused by a complex amalgam of hatred and paranoia that give such conflicts an indeterminacy that is irreducible to the material factors. Such conflictual relations constitute, in Walter Benjamin's schema, a breakdown in the relationship between self and other and thus lead to a paranoid style of imagined community. This is equivalent to a defensive and paranoid struggle in which each party experiences the existence of the other as a threat and seeks to obliterate the difference. As we have seen, Simmel calls attention to the integrating effect of antagonism -- the way in which it brings cohesion. Echoing Hegel, Simmel argues that "the first instinct with which the individual affirms himself is the negation of the other." And, if we follow this line of analysis, so it is with the group: the group identity is affirmed in the act of negating the other. This idea -- that identity requires the negation of difference -- has been a tenet of much contemporary social and political theory, particularly poststructuralist theory. But this suggests that identity is always constructed agonistically, not through constructive relations with the other but in struggle with the other. What Simmel referred to as polar differentiations we might think of as antinomies. For Freud, love and hate constituted the basic antinomy underlying emotional life. However, unlike Simmel and the poststructuralists, Melanie Klein argues that there are two different ways of dealing with such antinomies. One is to split them apart, thereby creating binary oppositions; the other is to hold the tension implicit in the antinomy and live the contradiction. The first state of mind Klein refers to as paranoid-schizoid; here, what is experienced as being bad is repudiated in the self and projected onto the other while what is experienced as good is attributed to the self. So in place of ambivalence -- the mixture of love and hate we feel toward ourselves and others -- we appropriate love for ourselves and our group by projecting hatred onto the other, an other that is henceforth experienced as a source of danger and persecution. Similarly with the group, solidarity and fellow feeling can be strengthened so long as the rivalries, hostilities, resentments, and hatreds that would otherwise dog the group can be projected onto the other. 對文章的理解：第一段一開始，提到 Anderson 對社群(community)的看法。然後話鋒一轉，談起社群間的衝突(conflict)及社群認同(identity)。第一段最末 "seeks to obliterate the differnce" 是說要「消弭差異」吧? 第二段先是提到「個人」以否定他人來認同自己，然後推展到「社群」亦然。還提到 "identity requires the negation of difference"是當代理論的共同信念。第三段提到愛與恨的矛盾，Klein認為有二種解決之道，一是好都是自己壞都是別人，二是終生與這種矛盾為伍。這是心理學之類的文章吧? 見鬼了竟然考這種深奧的學術型文章... -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 220.136.127.14 ※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Eng-Class/M.1430329501.A.DD5.html