Re: 今天中時: 貓狗看不懂 大象照鏡會認識自己
這幾隻大象真是可愛, 剛剛看了一下, 這篇paper附上了三個大象
照鏡子反應的電影檔, 一個是屋頂攝影機, 兩個是鏡子邊的攝影機
大家可以欣賞一下大象是怎樣照鏡子的
http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie1.mov
http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie2.mov
http://www.pnas.org/content/vol0/issue2006/images/data/0608062103/DC1/08062Movie3.mov
Paper及原文摘要在此
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0608062103v1
Published online before print October 30, 2006
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0608062103
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
Joshua M. Plotnik *, Frans B. M. de Waal *, and Diana Reiss ?||
*Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of
Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Osborn Laboratories of
Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brooklyn,
NY 11224; and ?Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology,
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
Contributed by Frans B. M. de Waal, September 13, 2006
Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has
long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny,
MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic
behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known
for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We
exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to
investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress
through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses,
(ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive
mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible
marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test
whether they would pass the litmus "mark test" for MSR in which an individual
spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its
own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking
parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins,
and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most
likely related to complex sociality and cooperation.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0608062103
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